use f strings to limit number of decimal places:
print('power to heat tank ',kWh, 'kWh')
power to heat tank 9.333333333333 kWh
print(f'power to heat tank {kWh:.2f}', 'kWh')
power to heat tank 9.33 kWh
use f strings to pad numbers:
print(
f'{diff_days:6}',
f'{diff_dunits:6}',
f'{diff_dunits/diff_days:3.2f}'
)
364 10301 28.29
use f strings to print in hex:
print(f'{128:x}')
80
use f strings with \n for new lines:
print(f' hello \n world')
hello
world
use the print 'sep' arg to remove leading space after a newline
print('hello','\nl','world')
hello
world
print('hello','world',sep='\n')
hello
world
1.1 use Del to backspace delete
1.2 !LineEdit is a "must have" for using the command line shell
1.3 Enter to quit help() mode or "q" if part way through show
1.4 comments start with hash # and continue to end of line
1.5 use 4 spaces per indentation level
1.6 Limit all lines to a maximum of 79 characters.
- use backslash or preferably parentheses
eg.
xxxxx = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13
xxxxx = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4
+ 5 +6 + 7
+ 8 + 9 + 10
+ 11 + 12 + 13)
print('hello \
world')
# multiline literal
print('''
If you answer "yes" to the prompt, python will die!
and you will need to reboot RISC OS to resurrect it
''')
1,7 Use CamelCase for classes and
snakecase - lower_case_with_underscores
for functions and methods
1.8 "Dunder names" eg, __all__
(Dunder is Double Underscore)
1.9 module sys defines prompts, path, etc
>>>sys.ps1 = '--> '
-->
--> print(sys.platform)
--> riscos
1.A To recall last expression output use underscore _
eg
>>>2+2
4
>>>_+2
6
>>>
2.1 Allow StrongED to copy and paste into a TaskWindow
load the TaskWindow ModeFile
change:
cs-V ToTask
to:
cs-V ReleaseShiftCtrl CB_Paste
change:
cs-C ToTask
to:
cs-V ReleaseShiftCtrl CB_Copy
2.2 StrongED search direcyory
ctrl-E,ctrl-D
4.1 print output goes to standard out
sys.stdout (2)
error output goes to standard error
sys.stderr (1)
eg python3 mypgm.py 1>a 2>b
eg Dir
python3 .!RunImage 1>^.stdout
(puts output in same dir as app)
5.0 Functions
5.1 how to define a function -
def function_name(parameters):
"""docstring"""
statement(s)
5.2 Trigonometric functions
import math
opp = 65
adj = 216
rad = math.atan2(opp,adj)
deg = math.degrees(rad)
print(rad, deg)
5.3 Date functions
>>>from datetime import date
>>>pr = date.today() ; print(pr)
2021-07-30
>>>from datetime import datetime
>>>print(datetime.now())
2021-07-30 18:10:18.590000
>>>from datetime import datetime
>>>date1 = datetime.strptime('24 09 40','%d %m %y' )
>>>date2 = datetime.strptime('24.09.42','%d.%m.%y' )
>>>print(date1, date2)
2040-09-24 00:00:00
6.0 More syntax
6.1 A String cannot be changed via indexed assignment
6.2 Python has No CASE statement - if if,elif instead
6.3 For with range
import math
adj = 216
for opp in range(12,90,12):
rad = math.atan2(opp,adj)
deg = math.degrees(rad)
print(opp, deg)
6.4 To get a row number
with open(csvfile, newline='') as f:
reader = csv.DictReader(f)
for r, row in enumerate(reader):
print (r, row['days'], row['dunits'])
6.5 ifs and buts
if x == 0:
pass
elif x == 1:
print('x')
print('is')
print('one')
elif x == 2:
print('x is two')
else:
print('x is not 1,2,or 3')
6.6 a, b = b, a
swaps without needing an intermediate variable
6.7 hexadecimal - see also f strings above
hex(512)
'0x200'
int('8A',16)
138
6.8 get response at console
retry = True
while retry:
ans = input("unset python variables?(y/n)\n")
if ans == "y" or ans == "n":
retry = False
7.0 Classes
7.1 example of a class
class BackDrop:
"""manage screen background picture"""
def __init__(self): # name self is conventional
self.pic = "pix.b01"
class Paper:
"""paper for magazine"""
def __init__(self):
self.size = "A4"
self.ream = 500
self.perbox = 5
papr = Paper()
print(papr.size, papr.ream, papr.perbox)
7.2 Is Class same as Type? - see eg below
rent = (
"r03",192,
"r02",682)
print(rent)
print(type(rent))
('r03', 192, 'r02', 682)
<class 'tuple'>
8.0 Communicating with the Operating System
8.1 Use the swi module to issue system commands
(From Chris Johns Python Release Notes)
swi.swi(arg1,arg2,arg3) allows Python code to call RISC OS SWIs.
arg1 is the SWI number or name,
arg2 is a format string for arg3,
arg3 is the rest of the arguments.
syntax of arg2
format string of single byte positional keys
corresponding to an input or output register in the swi definition
s = string
b = block
i = integer
I = Unsigned integer?
. = not used
; end of inputs, outputs follow
# examples of RISC OS SWI commands
import swi as swi
swi("OS_Write0","s","Hello RISC OS World") # this works
swi("OS_WriteC","i",10) # line feed
swi("OS_WriteC","i",13) # carrier return
swi("OS_Byte","i",0) # Os version
swi("OS_CLI","s","hoff") # hourglass off
RISC OS additions
-----------------
os.get_filetype(object) returns the file type of a given object.
os.set_filetype(object,type) will set it.
8.2 Use os.system to issue * (star) commands
# example RISC OS * - star commands
import os
os.system('fx 0') # Os version
os.system('cat')
os.system('hon') # hourglass on
os.system('hoff')
showparm = "*path*"
pr = os.system("show "+ showparm) ; print(pr)
8.3 Environment variables
# print list - same as RISC OS show *
import os
for k, v in os.environ.items():
print(f'{k}={v}')
8.4 Stop execution of a script part way through
import sys
sys.exit("execution stopped")
8.5 use dot for slash inside Python shell
but use slash for dot in Python script
eg
import sqlite3
con = sqlite3.connect('eg/db')
8.6 to reference parent directory - use ^.filename
8.7 CWD Current Working Directory
>>> import os
>>> cwd=os.getcwd()
>>> print(cwd)
SCSI::SSD.$.JR.Programz.PYTHON.eg_test.tkinter
You can change the current working directory
import os
os.chdir(path)
....
Changing the current working directory in a subprocess
does not change the current working directory in the
parent process.
This is true of the Python interpreter as well.
You cannot use os.chdir() to change the CWD of
the calling process.
8.8 find out where we are and set CSD
def set_cwd_to_local_dir():
import os
mypath = os.path.abspath(__file__)
mydir = os.path.dirname(mypath)
os.chdir(mydir)
import os
set_cwd_to_local_dir()
print('cwd = ', os.getcwd())
9.0 BUGS
9.1 There is a bug in RISC OS 3.8.python which
sometimes leads to print output appearing in the
wrong order. Use the print flush method to force
immediate printing
sys.stdout.flush()
9.2 Marshal Error
probably a corrupted "pyc" file
find and delete it - it will be regenerated
9.3 When pasting code from a webpage watch out for
hard spaces. Symptons:
SyntaxError: Non-UTF-8 code starting with '\xa0' in file ...
© 2021 JR